Fig. 5

Phylogenetic trees showed the phylogenetic relationships among Yunnan Miao, Hani and reference populations by maximum likelihood (ML) method. A ML tree for 32 populations assumed that four migration events happened. B ML tree for populations from Africa, Europe and East Asia assumed that four migration events happened. C ML trees for populations from East Asia assumed that two migration events happened. Reference populations: seven populations from Africa including African Caribbean in Barbados (ACB), African Ancestry in Southwest US (ASW), Esan in Nigeria (ESN), Gambian in Western Division (GWD), Luhya in Webuye, Kenya (LWK), Mende in Sierra Leone (MSL) and Yoruba in Ibadan (YRI); five populations from South Asian including Gujarati Indian in Houston (GIH), Indian Telugu in the UK (ITU), Sri Lankan Tamil in the UK (STU), Punjabi in Lahore (PJL) and Bengali in Bangladesh (BEB); nine populations from East Asia including Chinese Dai in Xishuangbanna (CDX), Han Chinese in Beijing (CHB), Southern Han Chinese (CHS), Chinese Qinghai Tibetan (CTQ), Chinese Tibet Tibetan (CTT), Chinese Kirgiz (CKX), Chinese Uyghur (CUX), Kinh in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (KHV) and Japanese in Tokyo (JPT); five populations from Europe including Utah residents with Northern and Western European ancestry (CEU), Finnish in Finland (FIN), British in England and Scotland (GBR), Iberian populations in Spain (IBS) and Toscani in Italy (TSI); four populations from America groups including Colombian in Medellin (CLM), Colombia, Mexican Ancestry in Los Angeles (MXL), Peruvian in Lima (PEL) and Puerto Rican in Puerto Rico (PUR)