Fig. 3

The Y-DNA and mtDNA phylogenies of Hss with the Y-DNA tree (a) [4] and the mtDNA tree (b) [1] representing the OOEH phylogeny, and tree (c) standing for the OOAH phylogeny of both mtDNA and Y-DNA. Trees (a) and (b) are consistent with a residing Eurasian Hss populations and a series of Hss exoduses from Eurasia into Africa. Position A00 in the Y-DNA tree and the corresponding position in the mtDNA tree mark the position at which the basal African and non-African lineages of extant Hss populations coalesce. Position β in tree (a) signifies the beginning of the Eurasian diversification of Hss dated to ≈ 125,000 to 120,000 YBP in the mtDNA tree [1]. The blue branch in (c) signifies a late Hss exodus out of Africa as assumed by the out of Africa hypothesis. As underlined in Figs. 1 and 2, the position of the root of the phylogeny in tree (c) is without connection to the Eurasian evolution of Hss and Hsn(Hsnn + Hsnd)