Fig. 9

The diagram of the anthocyanins biosynthetic pathway. Abbreviations for the enzymes: PAL phenylalanine ammonia lyase, C4H cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, 4CL 4-coumaroyl-coA synthase, CHS chalcone synthase, CHI chalcone isomerase, F3′H flavonoid-3′-hydroxylase, F3′5′H flavonoid-3′5′-hydroxylase, F3H flavanone-3β-hydroxylase, DFR dihydroflavonol 4-reductase, LDOX leucoanthocyanidin dioxygenase, UFGT UDP-glucose:flavonoid-3-O-glucosyltransferase, OMT O-methyltransferase, 5GT UDP-glucose:anthocyanin-5-O- glucosyltransferase; MRP multidrug resistance-associated protein, MATE toxic compound extrusion, AT anthocyanin acyltransferases, GST glutathione S-transferase